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what could happen if the epiglottis fails to close correctly over the trachea when a person swallows

Written By Thursday, 7 April 2022 Add Comment Edit

Leafage-shaped flap in the throat that prevents food from entering the windpipe and the lungs

Epiglottis
Gray958.png

View of the larynx from behind. The epiglottis is the structure at the top of the image.
Details
Precursor Fourth pharyngeal curvation[one]
Office Prevent nutrient from entering the respiratory tract.
Identifiers
Latin Epiglottis
MeSH D004825
TA98 A06.two.07.001
TA2 3190
FMA 55130
Anatomical terminology

[edit on Wikidata]

The epiglottis is a leaf-shaped flap in the throat that prevents food and water from entering the windpipe and the lungs. It stays open up during breathing, allowing air into the larynx. During swallowing, it closes to prevent aspiration of food into the lungs, forcing the swallowed liquids or food to keep the esophagus toward the tummy instead. It is thus the valve that diverts passage to either the trachea or the esophagus.

The epiglottis is made of elastic cartilage covered with a mucous membrane, attached to the entrance of the larynx. It projects up and backwards backside the tongue and the hyoid bone.

The epiglottis may exist inflamed in a status called epiglottitis, which is well-nigh unremarkably due to the vaccine-preventable bacteria Haemophilus influenzae. Dysfunction may cause the inhalation of food, called aspiration, which may lead to pneumonia or airway obstacle. The epiglottis is also an of import landmark for intubation.

The epiglottis has been identified as early as Aristotle, and gets its name from being above the glottis (epi- + glottis).

Structure [edit]

Location of the epiglottis

The epiglottis sits at the entrance of the larynx. It is shaped like a leaf of purslane and has a complimentary upper role that rests behind the tongue, and a lower stalk (Latin: petiolus).[2] The stalk originates from the back surface of the thyroid cartilage, connected by a thyroepiglottic ligament. At the sides, the stalk is connected to the arytenoid cartilages at the walls of the larynx by folds.[2]

The epiglottis originates at the entrance of the larynx, and is attached to the hyoid bone. From there, information technology projects upwards and backwards backside the tongue.[three] The space betwixt the epiglottis and the natural language is chosen the vallecula.[3]

Microanatomy [edit]

The epiglottis has two surfaces; a forward-facing anterior surface, and a posterior surface facing the larynx.[ii] The forwards-facing surface is covered with several layers of thin cells (stratified squamous epithelium), and is non covered with keratin, the same surface as the back of the tongue.[2] The back surface is covered in a layer of cavalcade-shaped cells with cilia, similar to the rest of the respiratory tract. Information technology as well has mucous-secreting goblet cells.[2] At that place is an intermediate zone between these surfaces that contains cells that transition in shape.[4] The body of the epiglottis consists of rubberband cartilage.[2]

Development [edit]

The epiglottis arises from the 4th pharyngeal arch. It tin exist seen equally a distinct structure subsequently than the other cartilage of the pharynx, visible effectually the fifth month of development.[1] The position of the epiglottis also changes with ageing. In infants, information technology touches the soft palate, whereas in adults, its position is lower.[iii]

Variation [edit]

A high rise epiglottis (with frontwards-facing anterior surface beingness visible)

A high-ascent epiglottis is a normal anatomical variation, visible during an examination of the mouth. Information technology does not cause whatsoever serious trouble apart from maybe a mild sensation of a foreign trunk in the throat. It is seen more oft in children than adults and does not need any medical or surgical intervention.[v] The front surface of the epiglottis is occasionally notched.[2]

Role [edit]

The epiglottis is normally pointed upward during breathing with its underside functioning as part of the pharynx.[2] There are gustation buds on the epiglottis.[half dozen]

Swallowing [edit]

During swallowing, the epiglottis bends backwards, folding over the entrance to the trachea, and preventing food from going into it.[two] The folding backwards is a complex motility the causes of which are not completely understood.[2] It is likely that during swallowing the hyoid bone and the larynx move upwardly and forwards, which increases passive pressure level from the dorsum of the tongue; considering the aryepiglottic muscles contract; considering of the passive weight of the food pushing down; and because of wrinkle of laryngeal and because of contraction of thyroarytenoid muscles.[2] The consequence of this is that during swallowing the bent epiglottis blocks off the trachea, preventing food from going into information technology; food instead travels down the esophagus, which is backside information technology.[three]

Spoken language sounds [edit]

In many languages, the epiglottis is not essential for producing sounds.[2] In some languages, the epiglottis is used to produce epiglottal consonant speech sounds, though this audio-blazon is rather rare.[vii]

Clinical significance [edit]

Inflammation [edit]

Inflammation of the epiglottis is known equally epiglottitis. Epiglottitis is mainly caused past Haemophilus influenzae. A person with epiglottitis may have a fever, sore pharynx, difficulty swallowing, and difficulty animate. For this reason, acute epiglottitis is considered a medical emergency, because of the risk of obstruction of the throat. Epiglottitis is often managed with antibiotics, inhaled aerosolised epinephrine to act equally a bronchodilator, and may require tracheal intubation or a tracheostomy if breathing is difficult.[eight]

The incidence of epiglottitis has decreased significantly in countries where vaccination confronting Haemophilus influenzae is administered.[9] [10]

Aspiration [edit]

When food or other objects travel down the respiratory tract rather than downward the esophagus to the stomach, this is called aspiration. This can lead to airway obstruction, inflammation of lung tissue, and aspiration pneumonia; and in the long term, atelectasis and bronchiectasis.[iii] One reason aspiration tin occur is considering of failure of the epiglottis to close completely.[2] [3]

Should food or liquid enter the airway due to the epiglottis failing to close properly, pharynx immigration[3] or the coughing reflex may occur to protect the respiratory system and expel material from the airway.[11] Where there is impairment in laryngeal anteroom sensation, silent aspiration (entry of material to the airway that does not consequence in a coughing reflex) may occur.[3] [12]

Other [edit]

The epiglottis and vallecula are important anatomical landmarks in intubation.[13] Abnormal positioning of the epiglottis is a rare cause of obstructive sleep apnoea.[14]

Other animals [edit]

The epiglottis is present in mammals,[15] including country mammals and cetaceans,[16] also every bit a cartilaginous structure.[17] Like in humans, it functions to prevent entry of food into the trachea during swallowing.[17] The position of the larynx is apartment in mice and other rodents, including rabbits.[4] For this reason, because the epiglottis is located behind the soft palate in rabbits, they are obligate nose breathers,[18] [19] as are mice and other rodents.[4] In rodents and mice, at that place is a unique pouch in front end of the epiglottis, and the epiglottis is commonly injured by inhaled substances, particularly at the transition zone between the flattened and cuboidal epithelium.[20] [iv] It is as well common to see taste buds on the epiglottis in these species.[4]

History [edit]

The epiglottis was noted by Aristotle,[xv] although the epiglottis' role was first defined by Vesalius in 1543.[21] The word has Greek roots.[22] The epiglottis gets its name from being above (Ancient Greek: ἐπί, romanized: epi- ) the glottis (Ancient Greek: γλωττίς, romanized: glottis , lit.'natural language').[23]

Additional images [edit]

  • Cantankerous-department of the larynx, with structures including the epiglottis labelled.

  • Cross-section of the larynx of a horse. The epiglottis here is shown as 'ii'.

  • Structures of the larynx every bit viewed during laryngoscopy. The leaf-like epiglottis is shown equally number '3'. Other structures: 1=vocal folds, 2=vestibular fold, 3=epiglottis, 4=plica aryepiglottica, 5=arytenoid cartilage, six=sinus piriformis, 7=dorsum of the natural language

See likewise [edit]

  • Epiglottal consonant
  • Epiglotto-pharyngeal consonant
  • Pharyngeal consonant

References [edit]

  1. ^ a b Schoenwolf, Gary C.; et al. (2009). ""Development of the Urogenital system"". Larsen's human embryology (fourth ed., Thoroughly rev. and updated. ed.). Philadelphia: Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier. p. 362. ISBN9780443068119.
  2. ^ a b c d east f g h i j k 50 grand Standring, Susan, ed. (2016). Grayness's anatomy : the anatomical basis of clinical practice (41st ed.). Philadelphia. pp. 586–8. ISBN9780702052309. OCLC 920806541.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h Matsuo, Koichiro; Palmer, Jeffrey B. (Nov 2008). "Anatomy and Physiology of Feeding and Swallowing – Normal and Abnormal". Concrete Medicine and Rehabilitation Clinics of North America. 19 (four): 691–707. doi:10.1016/j.pmr.2008.06.001. ISSN 1047-9651. PMC2597750. PMID 18940636.
  4. ^ a b c d eastward Harkema, Jack R.; Carey, Stephan A.; Wagner, James G.; Dintzis, Suzanne M.; Liggitt, Denny (2018), "Nose, Sinus, Pharynx, and Larynx", Comparative Beefcake and Histology, Elsevier, pp. 89–114, doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-802900-8.00006-3, ISBN9780128029008
  5. ^ Petkar Due north, Georgalas C, Bhattacharyya A (2007). "High-rising epiglottis in children: should information technology crusade concern?". J Am Board Fam Med. twenty (v): 495–6. doi:10.3122/jabfm.2007.05.060212. PMID 17823468.
  6. ^ Jowett, Adrian; Shrestha, Rajani (Nov 1998). "Mucosa and taste buds of the human epiglottis". Journal of Anatomy. 193 (4): 617–618. doi:10.1046/j.1469-7580.1998.19340617.x. PMC1467887. PMID 10029195.
  7. ^ Shahin, Kimary (2011), "Pharyngeals", The Blackwell Companion to Phonology, American Cancer Order, pp. 1–24, doi:10.1002/9781444335262.wbctp0025, ISBN9781444335262
  8. ^ Nicki R. Colledge; Brian R. Walker; Stuart H. Ralston, eds. (2010). Davidson's principles and practice of medicine. illustrated by Robert Britton (21st ed.). Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier. p. 681. ISBN978-0-7020-3084-0.
  9. ^ Reilly BK, Reddy SK, Verghese ST (Apr 2013). "Acute epiglottitis in the era of mail service-Haemophilus influenzae type B (HIB) vaccine". J Anesth. 27 (ii): 316–vii. doi:10.1007/s00540-012-1500-nine. PMID 23076559. S2CID 33540359.
  10. ^ Hermansen MN, Schmidt JH, Krug AH, Larsen K, Kristensen Southward (April 2014). "Low incidence of children with astute epiglottis afterward introduction of vaccination". Dan Med J. 61 (4): A4788. PMID 24814584.
  11. ^ Widdicombe, J. (1 July 2006). "Cough: what'southward in a proper name?". European Respiratory Periodical. 28 (one): 10–xv. doi:ten.1183/09031936.06.00096905. PMID 16816346.
  12. ^ Ramsey, Deborah; Smithard, David; Kalra, Lalit (thirteen December 2005). "Silent Aspiration: What Do We Know?". Dysphagia. 20 (3): 218–225. doi:10.1007/s00455-005-0018-nine. PMID 16362510. S2CID 24880995.
  13. ^ Peitzman, Andrew B.; Rhodes, Michael; Schwab, C. William (2008). The Trauma Manual: Trauma and Astute Care Surgery. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 86. ISBN9780781762755.
  14. ^ Catalfumo, Frank J.; Golz, Avishay; Westerman, S. Thomas; Gilbert, Liane M.; Joachims, Henry Z.; Goldenberg, David (2018). "The epiglottis and obstructive slumber apnoea syndrome". The Journal of Laryngology & Otology. 112 (10): 940–943. doi:10.1017/S0022215100142136. ISSN 0022-2151. PMID 10211216.
  15. ^ a b Leroi, Armand Marie (2014-08-28). The Lagoon: How Aristotle Invented Scientific discipline. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 145. ISBN9781408836217.
  16. ^ Perrin, William F.; Würsig, Bernd; Thewissen, J. G. Chiliad. (2009-02-26). Encyclopedia of Marine Mammals. Academic Press. p. 225. ISBN9780080919935.
  17. ^ a b Colville, Thomas P.; Bassert, Joanna M. (2008). Clinical Beefcake and Physiology for Veterinary Technicians. Mosby Elsevier. p. 251. ISBN9780323046855.
  18. ^ Suckow, Mark A.; Stevens, Karla A.; Wilson, Ronald P. (2012-01-23). The Laboratory Rabbit, Guinea Grunter, Hamster, and Other Rodents. Bookish Press. p. 209. ISBN9780123809209.
  19. ^ Johnson-Delaney, Cathy A.; Orosz, Susan E. (2011). "Rabbit Respiratory System: Clinical Anatomy, Physiology and Disease". Veterinary Clinics of N America: Exotic Animal Practise. fourteen (2): 257–266. doi:x.1016/j.cvex.2011.03.002. PMID 21601814.
  20. ^ Treuting, Piper M.; Dintzis, Suzanne Thousand.; Montine, Kathleen S. (2017-08-29). Comparative Anatomy and Histology: A Mouse, Rat, and Human Atlas. Academic Press. pp. 109–110. ISBN9780128029190.
  21. ^ Problems in Anatomy, Physiology, Metabolism, Morphology, and Homo Biological science: 2011 Edition. ScholarlyEditions. 2012-01-09. p. 202. ISBN9781464964770.
  22. ^ Lydiatt DD, Bucher GS (March 2010). "The historical Latin and etymology of selected anatomical terms of the larynx". Clin Anat. 23 (2): 131–44. doi:10.1002/ca.20912. PMID 20069644. S2CID 10234119.
  23. ^ Harper, Douglas. "epiglottis | Origin and meaning of epiglottis by Online Etymology Dictionary". www.etymonline.com . Retrieved 26 October 2019.

External links [edit]

  • lesson11 at The Anatomy Lesson past Wesley Norman (Georgetown University) (larynxsagsect)
  • Where is the Epiglottis? at Written report Sciences

richardsoncantences.blogspot.com

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epiglottis#:~:text=This%20can%20lead%20to%20airway,the%20epiglottis%20to%20close%20completely.

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